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Pay equity calls for equal pay for different types of work judged to be comparable through measurement of such factors as employee knowledge, skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions. Pay equity goes beyond the idea of "equal pay for equal work" by encouraging equal pay for different (but comparable) work.

In a formal sense, the American feminist movement was born m upstate New York, in a town called Seneca Falls, in the summer of 1848. On July 19, the first women's rights convention began, attended by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and other

It is difficult to summarize the situation of women between 1850 and 1914. Women's roles and experiences differed sharply according to class lines, and even within classes many of the relevant developments were contradictory. What generally unified

Because of their scarcity in early America, women were more highly valued than in the Old World, where they were relatively abundant. But scarcity alone did not produce romantic idealization of women. The fact was women were valued, among other

In the years since 1930 the great surprises have come from a contradictory movement of events. On the side of novelty the integrated national economy proved surprisingly unstable and its collapse during the Great Depression brought forward an American

The economic growth found its expression in the giant industrial metropolises, which were cities of more than a million inhabitants. They acquired a completely different view with skyscrapers, offices, department stores, dense streets of workers' houses, and

In the United States of 1880s seven out of every ten people lived on farms or in towns with fewer than 2,500 people. By the 1920, a milestone had been reached: a majority of the people — 51.4 per cent — dwelled in cities. Indeed, from Boston to San

The period from 1800 through the Civil War many American historians characterize as "the first era of urban surprises". It was a time of the nation's fastest rates of urbanization, the unrealistic growth of regional centers to unprecedented sizes, the reorganization

From the moment the first European settlers set foot on the North American continent, they endeavored to find the optimum balance between the real and the ideal, the present and the timeless. They strived for property and implemented a tradition of

There has recently emerged a vast literature dealing with urban life, though in the use of the word urban in social science there is the lack of the clear-cut and generally accepted definition. Urban will be viewed as a form of a settlement and a set of specific